急性深静脉血栓患者早期下床活动与卧床休息的系统评价

目的：评价与卧床休息相比,早期下床活动对急性深静脉血栓患者继发肺栓塞率的有效性。方法运用计算机检索Cochrane、JBI、Medline、EMbase、CINAHL、Web of Knowledge、CBM、万方和CNKI数据库,查找关于对比早期下床活动和卧床休息处理急性深静脉血栓患者继发肺栓塞问题的相关研究文献。检索时间均从建库至2015年1月1日。由2位评价员按纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价质量后,采用RevMan 5．3软件进行M eta分析。结果共纳入9项研究,共847例患者。M eta分析结果显示：与卧床休息相比,早期下床活动对急性深静脉血栓患者继发肺栓塞率[RR＝0．42,95％ CI（0．16,1．09）,P＝0．08]差异无统计学意义。结论现有证据表明：早期下床活动不会增加深静脉血栓患者继发肺栓塞率。鉴于纳入研究数量有限,上述结论尚需开展更多研究予以验证。     

Automatically Detecting Failures in Natural Language Processing Tools for Online Community Text

Background

The prevalence and value of patient-generated health text are increasing, but processing such text remains problematic. Although existing biomedical natural language processing (NLP) tools are appealing, most were developed to process clinician- or researcher-generated text, such as clinical notes or journal articles. In addition to being constructed for different types of text, other challenges of using existing NLP include constantly changing technologies, source vocabularies, and characteristics of text. These continuously evolving challenges warrant the need for applying low-cost systematic assessment. However, the primarily accepted evaluation method in NLP, manual annotation, requires tremendous effort and time.

Objective

The primary objective of this study is to explore an alternative approach—using low-cost, automated methods to detect failures (eg, incorrect boundaries, missed terms, mismapped concepts) when processing patient-generated text with existing biomedical NLP tools. We first characterize common failures that NLP tools can make in processing online community text. We then demonstrate the feasibility of our automated approach in detecting these common failures using one of the most popular biomedical NLP tools, MetaMap.

Methods

Using 9657 posts from an online cancer community, we explored our automated failure detection approach in two steps: (1) to characterize the failure types, we first manually reviewed MetaMap’s commonly occurring failures, grouped the inaccurate mappings into failure types, and then identified causes of the failures through iterative rounds of manual review using open coding, and (2) to automatically detect these failure types, we then explored combinations of existing NLP techniques and dictionary-based matching for each failure cause. Finally, we manually evaluated the automatically detected failures.

Results

From our manual review, we characterized three types of failure: (1) boundary failures, (2) missed term failures, and (3) word ambiguity failures. Within these three failure types, we discovered 12 causes of inaccurate mappings of concepts. We used automated methods to detect almost half of 383,572 MetaMap’s mappings as problematic. Word sense ambiguity failure was the most widely occurring, comprising 82.22% of failures. Boundary failure was the second most frequent, amounting to 15.90% of failures, while missed term failures were the least common, making up 1.88% of failures. The automated failure detection achieved precision, recall, accuracy, and F1 score of 83.00%, 92.57%, 88.17%, and 87.52%, respectively.

Conclusions

We illustrate the challenges of processing patient-generated online health community text and characterize failures of NLP tools on this patient-generated health text, demonstrating the feasibility of our low-cost approach to automatically detect those failures. Our approach shows the potential for scalable and effective solutions to automatically assess the constantly evolving NLP tools and source vocabularies to process patient-generated text.     

Development and Assessment of an E-Learning Course on Breast Imaging for Radiographers: A Stratified Randomized Controlled Trial

Background

Mammography is considered the best imaging technique for breast cancer screening, and the radiographer plays an important role in its performance. Therefore, continuing education is critical to improving the performance of these professionals and thus providing better health care services.

Objective

Our goal was to develop an e-learning course on breast imaging for radiographers, assessing its efficacy, effectiveness, and user satisfaction.

Methods

A stratified randomized controlled trial was performed with radiographers and radiology students who already had mammography training, using pre- and post-knowledge tests, and satisfaction questionnaires. The primary outcome was the improvement in test results (percentage of correct answers), using intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis.

Results

A total of 54 participants were assigned to the intervention (20 students plus 34 radiographers) with 53 controls (19+34). The intervention was completed by 40 participants (11+29), with 4 (2+2) discontinued interventions, and 10 (7+3) lost to follow-up. Differences in the primary outcome were found between intervention and control: 21 versus 4 percentage points (pp), P<.001. Stratified analysis showed effect in radiographers (23 pp vs 4 pp; P=.004) but was unclear in students (18 pp vs 5 pp; P=.098). Nonetheless, differences in students’ posttest results were found (88% vs 63%; P=.003), which were absent in pretest (63% vs 63%; P=.106). The per-protocol analysis showed a higher effect (26 pp vs 2 pp; P<.001), both in students (25 pp vs 3 pp; P=.004) and radiographers (27 pp vs 2 pp; P<.001). Overall, 85% were satisfied with the course, and 88% considered it successful.

Conclusions

This e-learning course is effective, especially for radiographers, which highlights the need for continuing education.     

Psychological wellbeing and biochemical modulation in response to weight loss in obese type 2 diabetes patients

Background

Obesity in type 2 diabetes patients is a serious health issue by itself; it is also associated with other health problems including psychiatric illnesses. The psychological effects of dieting and weight loss have been a matter of controversy in the field of obesity management.

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the impact of weight loss because of aerobic exercise training and dietary measures on psychological wellbeing and biochemical modulation in obese type 2 diabetes patients.

Material and methods

One hundred obese type 2 diabetes patients of both sexes participated in this study, and were included into two equal groups. The first group (A) received aerobic exercise training, three sessions per week for three months combined with dietary measures. The second group (B) received no training intervention for three months.

Results

There was a significant decrease in body mass index (BMI), leptin, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglycerides(TG), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance- index (HOMA-IR) , beck depression inventory (BDI ) & profile of mood states(POMS) and increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) & Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) of group (A) after treatments, but the changes of group (B) were not significant. Moreover, there were significant differences between mean levels of the investigated parameters of group (B) and group (A) at the end of the study.

Conclusion

Physical training and dietary measures can be used as methods of choice for psychological wellbeing and biochemical modulation in obese type 2 diabetes patients.     

高性能战斗机改装体检暂时飞行不合格者的随访观察

目的明确歼击机飞行员改装体检暂时飞行不合格的原因、最终健康状况和飞行结论。方法总结1999年1月-2010年12月在我院进行高性能战斗机改装体检结论为原机种暂时飞行不合格的67名飞行员病历资料,随访其健康状况和飞行结论,进行综合分析。结果改装体检暂时飞行不合格的原因依次为特殊功能检查不合格、外科病症、内科病症、神经精神科病症、眼科病症、耳鼻咽喉科病症;最终结论为飞行合格者47例(10例改装合格、另37例原机种飞行合格),飞行不合格者20例(2例因新发病症、18例因暂时飞行不合格的病症而停飞)。结论改装体检暂时飞行不合格的主要原因为特殊功能问题;《高性能歼击机飞行员体格要求》是符合实际的,而现行的飞行人员年度大体检制度有修改的必要。     

Servqual评价法在口腔门诊优质护理服务质量评价中的应用

目的 了解口腔门诊优质护理服务质量的现状,找出影响服务质量的问题,为进一步深化口腔医院的优质护理,提高口腔医院优质护理服务的质量提供依据.方法 采用Servqul量表对552名口腔门诊患者在口腔医院门诊就医服务过程中的需求进行调查.结果 患者对护理服务质量的5个维度即有形性、可靠性、反应性、保证性和移情性的期望值分别为4.03±0.64、4.12±0.58、4.16±0.81、4.32±0.74、4.02±1.01,感知值分别为4.06±0.67、4.13±0.57、4.19±0.72、4.40±0.60、3.96±0.89,感知服务质量分别为0.03±0.59、0.01±0.56、0.03±0.68、0.08±0.65、-0.06±0.76,5个维度护理服务质量的感知值和期望值的比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 口腔门诊的护理服务质量的移情性有待提高,Servqul评价法能较客观、全面地平估护理服务质量,对提高口腔门诊护理服务质量有指导作用.     

基于药物体系的肉桂特征图谱质量表征关联分析研究

目的建立基于药物体系的肉桂特征图谱质量表征关联分析方法,全面评价肉桂饮片质量。方法采用HPLC-PDA法建立肉桂饮片特征图谱,筛选7个特征峰并通过相对保留时间表征其质的关联性;同时测定6个主要有效指标性成分(原儿茶酸、表儿茶素、香豆素、肉桂醇、肉桂酸、肉桂醛)的含量并表征主要酚类成分和主要苯丙素类成分的含量,通过关联度等概念表征其量的关联性。结果以批号13为基准,基于质的表征模式及关联分析,肉桂饮片特征图谱中筛选的7个特征峰中有酚类成分2个、苯丙素类成分5个,15批肉桂饮片色谱图中均含有此7个特征峰。基于量的表征模式及关联分析,批号14有效指标性成分总体含量高于基准批号13,批号4、6、8、10含量与基准批号13关联性较高,综合评价得出批号14、13、4、6、8、10优良度居前。结论在定性的基础上进行定量表征,可全面评价肉桂饮片质量优次,为肉桂饮片资源筛选、药物原料质量控制及应用提供依据,同时为中药质量评价提供新的方法。     

基于灰色关联度法评价商品防风药材质量

目的依据灰色关联度法评价商品防风质量。方法测定20份不同商品来源的防风样品中醇浸出物、总多糖、升麻苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、亥矛酚苷6种主要成分的含量,采用灰色关联度法,以定义的相对关联度为测度,构建商品防风质量评价模型。结果 20份商品防风样品的质量评价结果与商品等级划分相符合。结论本研究为商品防风的等级划分和综合质量评价提供了新的方法。     

国家早期预警评分系统对老年急危重症患者病情的评估作用

目的：应用国家早期预警评分（NEWS）系统对老年急危重症患者急诊病情进行评估,评价NEWS对老年患者病情的评估作用。方法对我院急诊抢救室收治的361例≥60岁老年急危重患者进行NEWS评分,跟踪患者24h内病情变化、急诊转归停留期以及预后,绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,寻找最佳截点。以最佳截点为界分为低分组和高分组,比较两组间24h内病情变化、入住监护病房和急诊停留期间死亡,以及30d内死亡的发生率。结果 NEWS可预测患者24h内病情变化、急诊转归、预后的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）分别为（0.776±0.043）,（0.970±0.011）,（0.861±0.039）,最佳截断点分别为7分,6分,8分。以6分为最佳截断点,分为高分组与低分组,比较两组之间24h内病情变化、入住监护病房和急诊停留期间死亡,以及30d内死亡的发生率,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论 NEWS能有效评估老年急危重症患者病情。